Category: facebook

I’m reading now that vampire bats, which feed on blood, synthesize a substance that prevents this blood from clotting, making it easier to drink. What did scientists name this substance?

Correct, draculin! 😉

Today, during a conversation with my mother, the word “cybernetics” came up, and I realized that I don’t know what it is. Turns out, I indeed don’t know. I think 99% of you don’t know either.

It turns out, cybernetics is a field of science about systems, studying systems with circular cause-and-effect connections, whose outputs are also inputs, like feedback systems, and these systems can be anything – from living organisms to computer programs, as well as ecological, technological, biological, cognitive, and social systems, and also in the context of practical activities, such as design, education, and management. Overall, like any definition, it’s somewhat vague, but essentially clear.

One of the most well-known definitions belongs to the American mathematician Norbert Wiener, one of the founders of cybernetics and artificial intelligence theory. He characterized cybernetics as the science concerned with “control and communication in animals and machines.”

According to the Ozhegov dictionary, “Cybernetics is the science of the general laws of control processes and information transmission in machines, living organisms, and society.”

Another early definition emerged at the Macy conferences on cybernetics, where this science was understood as the study of “circular causality and feedback in biological and social systems,” which actually became the definition for Wikipedia. American anthropologist Margaret Mead emphasized the role of cybernetics as “a form of interdisciplinary thinking that allowed representatives from many disciplines to easily communicate with each other in a language understandable to all.” Another definition is offered by the American mathematician Lewis Kaufman: “Cybernetics is the study of systems and processes that interact with themselves and reproduce themselves.”

In general, they made it even more confusing.

By the way, the word κυβερνητικός is quite ancient, and the word cyber/кибер never related to robots. κυβερνητικός indicated the art of a helmsman, who must steer in response to the ship’s behavior – that is, to use negative feedback. Later, it was used metaphorically to denote the art of a statesman governing a city. In this sense, it is notably used by Plato in “Laws.”

The ancient Romans adapted this word to “governor,” which initially also denoted the helmsman on a ship, and then its meaning expanded to “ruler.”

This was further picked up by André-Marie Ampère, who essentially introduced it into scientific use. Ampère’s cybernetics is the science of how to govern society, people. The aforementioned Norbert Wiener then extended it to machines, while leaving scope for its use anywhere.

The illustration shows how Generative AI sees cybernetics. It’s either a diver who hanged himself or a new robot from Boston Dynamics.

There is a podcast studio called “Either-Or”. They create really good and informative channels (many of them). Currently, I’m listening to the latest episode about typhus and lice on the channel “Why Are We Still Alive”.

Among other things, it discusses how Weigl was manufacturing vaccines for typhus.

We remember that a vaccine is a weakened or killed pathogen, or its fragments, which are introduced into the body of a healthy person, so that their immune system can later cope with the same pathogen, but alive and aggressive. Vaccines are simply grown in laboratories, but the bacteria of typhus did not want to grow in tubes and Petri dishes. Moreover, of all living organisms, they chose only humans and lice, which fed exclusively on humans. Thus, making them infect laboratory animals was almost an impossible task.

What did Rudolf Weigl do? He fed lice. The process looked like this: special small wooden boxes with a mesh bottom, which allowed the louse’s proboscis to pass through but not the louse itself, were tied to a person’s thigh. The boxes were attached several at a time to a leg using elastic bandages. Sitting in these boxes, the insects sucked blood. Afterwards, the box was detached. Then the insects were killed with a five percent acid solution, the spirochetes were extracted from them, washed, and a culture of killed bacteria was obtained to create a vaccine by this method. It took processing 80 to 120 lice per person. The vaccine was needed on an industrial scale, therefore thousands of volunteers were required. Lice were fed by the whole elite of Lviv intelligentsia: there were mathematicians Stefan Banach and Vladislav Orli, geomorphologist Alfred Yan, botanist Serin Geneva, and in the future, the great Polish poet Zbigniew Herbert. All of them were called feeders, meaning providers. Each fed about 25,000 lice a month. The work, of course, was somewhat unpleasant. Despite the increased portions of bread and beetroot jam, the feeders suffered from anemia en masse. But it was definitely better than being shot on the spot or being in a concentration camp.

Besides, Weigl collaborated with the Polish underground. For instance, the poet Zbigniew Herbert was a member of the Polish military organization called the Home Army, which staged sabotages against the Wehrmacht troops. Also, the Home Army helped to smuggle surplus vaccines into the Lviv and Warsaw ghettos. The Germans wanted to exterminate the Jews with typhus, but the epidemic in the ghettos stopped as if by itself.

In 1944, when the Red Army again approached Lemberg, the city became part of the Ukrainian SSR. Weigl left there for Krakow in Poland, where he headed the typhus research institute. He continued to study the disease and teach in Poland, which became a country in the Eastern Bloc, i.e., under the control of the Soviet Union.

It’s also interesting how lice transmit typhus to humans.

…

It turns out that the Rickettsia microbe is found in the intestine of the louse, but how does it get into the human? For example, the malarial plasmodium is contained in the saliva of a mosquito and enters the blood during a bite. That makes sense. But how about with lice? The thing is, lice, while feeding on blood, leave excrement. The parasite ends up on the human skin near the bite. The spot itches, and the person begins to scratch it intensively, literally rubbing the infected feces into microabrasions. Rickettsiae penetrate the blood vessel cells and actively multiply there.”

I recommend listening to it; they have already released several seasons of only “Why Are We Still Alive”, and in addition, there are Kolmanovsky’s podcasts and various other things.

Here’s a new long-read about something interesting.

I’ve already made several posts while reading Ed Yong’s book An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms Around Us. Today we’re talking about shrimp. They haven’t told me much during our occasional encounters.

A quick primer for those out of the loop. We see colors because the retina of our eye has special light-sensitive cells, namely “rods” and “cones”. “Rods” provide vision in low light conditions, such as at night, and have very high-sensitivity to light but not to color. There are 130 million of them. Cones are responsible for color sensation; there are 7 million, and their light sensitivity is 100 times less than that of rods. We have three types of cones: long (L), medium (M), and short (S). They correspond to yellow-red (570 nm), green-yellow (544 nm), and violet-blue (443 nm) colors respectively. The combination of activations of these cells is perceived by the brain as color. For instance, a combination of blue and red creates indigo, which isn’t in the rainbow. Excitation of all three yields white. Beyond the 400-700 nm range, we can’t see because our three types of cones are tuned to the three peaks (see above), and color sensitivity rapidly decreases to the left and right of them. Below 400 nm is ultraviolet, above 700 nm is infrared radiation.

There are people who see the world in black and white — monochromats. Among animals, all pinnipeds, such as seals and walruses, sharks, whales, octopuses are like this. Dogs don’t have long cones, meaning their color vision is incomplete, but saying they can’t see red is incorrect. They see it as grey only when there are absolutely no shades of yellow and blue in it, which is not the case in the real world. However, this makes red on their color wheel equivalent to green.

Moreover, all primates are dichromats. Only humans have evolved vision similar to the vision of birds. But birds are even more advanced – they are tetrachromats. They have cells sensitive to ultraviolet light. The ancestors of modern mammals had lenses that let through ultraviolet light and had a photoreceptor sensitive to soft ultraviolet light. However, in some primates, particularly in humans, the lens evolved to block photons shorter than 400 nm, rendering this receptor obsolete.

So, it turns out that there’s a woman currently living in the United Kingdom with a genetic disorder, making her a tetrachromat. She sees the world with an additional color dimension — ultraviolet. Interestingly, Claude Monet, presumably after cataract surgery, perceived ultraviolet. I specifically looked for his paintings from this period in Chicago, but didn’t find any. He was old and had poor vision overall. He painted lilies abundantly during that period, it seems. By the way, for tetrachromats, the concept of “white” is different — it requires full ultraviolet presence. Without it, white looks different to them.

Apparently, this is precisely a dimension, not just an “expanded rainbow”. That is, imagine a color wheel and mentally draw an axis perpendicular to it for the saturation of ultraviolet from “none” to “a lot”. In other words, if indigo is a mix of red and blue, there is another color which we’ll call rurple, that represents indigo with ultraviolet. And this color can have different saturations.

And now, the most interesting part. There’s a kind of shrimp — mantis shrimp. It has the fastest strike in nature — an acceleration of 10,000 Gs. When hunting, its limbs develop speed up to 80-100 kilometers an hour, which is 50 times faster than the blink of a human eye, and comparable to the impact force of a .22 caliber bullet fired from a gun. The force of the strike is about one and a half thousand newtons, enough to break the hard shells of mollusks. The speed of the strike causes the formation of cavitation bubbles. When these bubbles implode, they release a large amount of heat, temporarily raising the temperature to very high levels and further weakening the armor of its prey. It was found that their “claws” consist of the mineral hydroxyapatite, and the impact part consists of nanoparticles that absorb and disperse the energy of high-magnitude impacts. Nanometer-sized spherical particles are arranged in a “Christmas-tree” pattern into a continuous sequence, similar to fish scales, which allows the impact force to be evenly distributed over the surface.

So, about those shrimp eyes, they have the most unusual eyes in the world. There, they have 12 different types of cones from ultraviolet to infrared, with four just for UV. Interestingly, their brain uses these differently: they cannot distinguish colors closer than 12-25 nm, while humans with three types of cones can distinguish a difference of 4 nm. Likely, these shrimp have “digital” color vision – red shades aren’t very important to them, and there’s simply one receptor for red. And it operates in a crude yes-no fashion. But that’s just because their brains haven’t fully developed yet. When shrimp take over the world, they will fully utilize their hardware.

They have three pseudopupils. These organs are stacked one over the other. They also have tens of thousands of clusters of photoreceptor neurons. We, for example, have just one cluster. The cells form ommatidia, making the eyes of mantis shrimp similar in structure to the compound eyes of flies.

By the way, you know that we actually see only a small circle in front of us due to the structure of the eye. The entire “world” is completed by the brain and the system of micro-movements of the eye (socalled saccades), moving this circle left, right, up, and assembling the picture into a whole. In other words, we don’t see simultaneously to the left and right. Actually, milliseconds pass between “snapshots” (from tens to hundreds).

Beyond that, shrimp eyes move independently, and there are mechanisms to determine distance with one eye. But the most mind-blowing thing is their ability not just to see the polarization of color, which is already unique, but to perceive, for example, circular polarization. First, what is polarization? Light is an electromagnetic wave. If you move a rope tied to a doorknob up and down, the plane in which that rope moves is polarization. Ordinary sunlight is unpolarized, meaning its waves vibrate in all possible directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. However, when sunlight is reflected from surfaces like water, glass, or wet roads, it can become partially polarized. This is what polaroid sunglasses filter out, helping the driver. That’s why they also darken, because only part of the light, polarized in a certain direction, passes through. So, shrimp have the ability to see polarization as a “separate color”. This is for planar polarization. There’s also circular polarization — this is when the direction of oscillation rotates in a circle. Ultimately, it looks like a spiral or spring, where the wave moves forward, but its oscillations rotate around this direction. Shrimp can separate this type of polarization too. Moreover, they have coloring that, for shrimp that understand circular polarization, offers a richer visual picture.

It’s some kind of obscure shrimp that might not have caught our attention, but essentially, it’s like an alien. If you really look at the ocean’s inhabitants, you can find anything at all. I think real aliens will be less surprising.

Ivan Vladimirov. “Peasants Returning After the Devastation of a Manor House in the Vicinity of Pskov.” 1919.

Facebook has started showing me ads for all sorts of products from the future. Take, for example, the MOLECULAR TRANSFORMATOR. Can you guess its purpose without googling? Or how about a gun labeled EQUALIZER? Or the PORTABLE TOILET FLUSHER (with a girl) for almost $6000? Or there’s this machine being shown to me for $62000. Makes me wonder, should I buy it for the living room?

More tales from the past.

1999. The year I graduated from university. My thesis was on testing programmable logic devices. I worked at a publishing house “Evening Ryazan” — the most popular and politically controversial newspaper in the city. I handled the layout for the newspaper “Absolutely Free” — which contained classified ads. I also had orders for book layout from private clients, which I worked on at home. I used Pagemaker, and printed “films” on a printer at home (more on this later). “At home” meant in the fifth dorm of RGRTU, where I lived with Roman Gorlo and Svyat Kulikov.

After university, I was invited to Moscow. The “Leia” real estate agency was opening a branch here: they decided to publish a newspaper with classified ads. I had worked for the Ryazan newspaper under “Leia” for a couple of years before, they remembered me, and thus, our editor, Islam Yanbekov, and I were assigned to Moscow. Denis Sobolev, with whom I shared an apartment in Maryino, joined us. Islam Kasimovich once had throat surgery, so instead of talking, he whistled through a hole, and only close colleagues could understand him, though with difficulty. But the guy was impressive. Despite being 22 years older, he was interesting to be around. We not only produced the newspaper but also sold advertising in it (seemingly, 50 dollars a piece) and distributed it (negotiated with Soyuzpechat and delivered to some unofficial points of distribution). I remember one time a stack of newspapers tore apart on an escalator in the metro, and we barely gathered them by the time we reached the bottom. Back then, I lived in Maryino and dined in original fashion: buying herring and black bread. Also, we were kicked out by our hosts in Maryino, for being messy.

By the way, in case someone doesn’t know how newspapers are made. I don’t think much has changed. Here’s how I do it: I layout a page, and print a master template. Specifically, we printed it on film, on a regular printer. If the page was A3, we used either an A3 printer or two A4 films (but that was quirky). The editor checked the films, and then they were sent to the press. There, these films were attached to another one, and underneath, a light-sensitive aluminum plate was placed. For each printing color (usually the colors CMYK – cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), a separate plate and a separate master film were required. There are more advanced technologies, where printing from a computer goes directly onto the plate (Direct-to-Plate, DTP). These plates are then dried, and mounted on a drum, or, in the case of color, drums. It spins, gets inked, and the areas on the plate that should show an image get inked, while the areas that shouldn’t don’t (hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties). At the input — huge rolls of paper. At the output – cut printed strips. There’s a separate section that folds them. And it seems, assembling a newspaper from these strips required people.

So, at that time, I bought my first mobile phone, a Philips Aeon. It wasn’t GSM yet, but AMPS. I remember getting a salary of 1200 rubles, and 600 went to communication costs each month. Often, we spent the night in the office at Krasnye Vorota because our accommodation (before Maryino) was a room in a communal apartment in the north of Moscow, where I shared a bed with three constantly drinking ex-convicts (who were calm). Honestly, I don’t remember spending more than one night there.

When we got hungry at night (in the office), we went hunting for food in a store. Money was tight, and at that time I fed on soft cottage cheese – a white “sausage,” bread, and tea, we also bought various “Doshiraks” instant noodles. During one of these “hunts”, Denis and I were stopped by the police on the street at night. They checked our tickets! Because to be in Moscow, one needed either a registration or train tickets. Denis, surprisingly, was all in order and they let him go, but I was found with an “unregistered mobile phone.” Yes, for those who didn’t know, at that time, it was necessary to register a phone after purchasing it, like a walkie-talkie. This was done at the State Communications Supervision Department according to the place of residence, and since mine was not nearby, I ignored it. Eventually, the police waited until I agreed to pay at least 100 rubles, I had to pay, then they let me go.

In October last year, the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis published a study indicating that a preference for vegetarianism could be inherited. Based on whole genome data from the UK Biobank, the study compared 5,324 strict vegetarians to 329,455 control subjects and found that at least one specific single nucleotide variation on chromosome 18 is associated with vegetarianism. Additionally, 201 other variants were identified that are presumably significant. Specifically, 11 genes were pinpointed, which are likely linked to the inclination towards vegetarian food. For details, google Genes with Possible Roles in Vegetarianism

So, blame it all on genetics 🙂

We’ve been sitting on the plane for 1.5 hours already. They’re fixing it. They said, whoever doesn’t want to test — get out. Gave us $15, can be spent after landing. Optimists!

24 years ago in Russia, payment cards already existed and I was working at a processing center. Quite an interesting experience. There’s virtually nothing on the topic when you google it, so it’s worth leaving it here for posterity.

This was around 1998-1999. Times were tough, as they say, although everything seemed to breeze by for me. An RGRTA student, dorm life, guitar, beer, parties. Somehow, I ended up working as an engineer at KB Stankobank, in the UnionCard processing center. The setup was this: there were about 50 retail points accepting UnionCard. Additionally, there were about 20 companies (factories), where such cards were used to pay salaries or part of them (“payroll project”). Otherwise, they’d receive nothing or get paid in factory products. And I did everything there—from touring the factories explaining from rostrums why and where they could buy food with this piece of plastic. I visited stores explaining to cashiers how to accept these cards and set up terminals. And in our office, servers stood along the wall, and every so often, something needed to be done on the consoles. The servers ran something under Novell Netware (By the way, the company’s name Novell was suggested by the founder’s wife, who mistakenly believed that “Novell” meant “new” in French).

So, the scheme was like this. A customer comes into a store with a card. The cashier calls the call center number. Well, not so much a call center as just dialing our office, where two girls worked. The cashier reports the card number and the amount. The girls confirm that there’s enough balance. The cashier sells the product, and the girls mark it as sold. There were also “slips” and an “imprinter.” Basically, an imprinter is a plastic contraption into which the card and a “carbon copy” slip were inserted, and with a swish-swish, the card number was printed under the carbon copy. The embossed card number is still seen on cards today, although probably no imprinters exist anywhere. The transaction is marked as pending, and then the bank waits for the slips from the stores. Once a slip arrives, the pending transaction becomes complete. At least 50,000 cards were issued.

Essentially, the store sells, say, conditional eggs and bread to a person, and the bank becomes indebted to the store for the eggs and bread. This is where a company called FPK Invest comes into play. Owning everything from a security firm to media assets, this company would supply stores with, say, flour to cover the debt. They traded this flour for machines. And those machines were provided by the very factories that would have liked to pay their workers with them, but since the machines were heavy, workers resisted. Indeed, happiness for everyone. This was called “mutual offset.”

Union Card, despite its foreign name, was a project of the Samara company “Processing Center Union Card.” At one time, many banks were part of the network, and ours was one of them. Later, they were bought by “National Credit Cards,” and then merged with China’s UnionPay. In short, it’s gone into the past. Hardly anything can be googled from the 1999 version anymore.