Category: science

Exploring the Odd and Ingenious with Engineer’s Zen | June 25 2026, 03:38

Just a reminder that I have the Engineering Zen group on Facebook and Telegram. Recently, these topics have been covered:

– The 1956 TV remote control that had no batteries, no electronics, and not a single LED — and it worked perfectly. How? With a small hammer.

– SQLite — a database that exists in a trillion copies literally everywhere (even on Mars). It was developed by three people, originated on a military destroyer, and instead of a Code of Conduct, the developers adhere to a 1500-year-old charter.

– Eel eggs haven’t been seen for 2000 years. Aristotle brooded over this, followed by a 19-year-old Sigmund Freud, who dissected hundreds of eels, found nothing, and frustratedly left biology.

– Obelisks — a new “form of life” discovered in 2024. Not a virus, not a cell, nothing like anything else. And it lives right in your mouth. About one in ten people have it.

– Midjourney — the very company that creates images in Discord — is suddenly building a body scanner that “is better than an MRI”. You have to be scanned underwater. No, it’s not a joke.

– Light from sound. Catch a bubble in ultrasound — and it flashes. Inside, it’s 10,000 degrees for a moment. It’s assembled on a kitchen table, and physicists are still debating exactly how it emits light.

– Why memories can’t be erased by sheer willpower — and why it’s so easy to rewrite them. It also explains why so many people want to go back to the USSR.

– Why you can’t bring water on a plane — an honest engineering breakdown.

– Cicadas that have learned prime numbers to avoid getting eaten. They emerge every 13 or 17 years — and it’s a mathematically verified survival strategy.

– A Japanese mathematician who proved a great hypothesis over 500 pages in his invented language with “Hodge theatres” and “frobenoids”. Half the world believes him, the other half found a flaw. A very beautiful and very sad story.

– And for dessert — the bigger brother of a flying manhole cover in Moscow: a cast iron plate that was launched upwards at a speed of 67 km/s by a nuclear explosion in 1957 — six times faster than escape velocity.

Join us to not miss out on a lot more interesting stuff.

Also on Telegram @engineersdzen

Engineering Zen: Insights on Oil Storage, Time Illusions, and the Self-Righting 3D Object | June 20 2026, 14:50

I’d like to remind you that I have a group called “Engineering Zen” on Facebook and Telegram, which in recent days has featured content about:

1) the structure of oil storage facilities and what that lid flying over Moscow was all about

2) the “stopped clock” illusion, experienced by everyone but understood by almost no one.

3) about the 3D monostable, which always rights itself no matter how it’s placed. It was first proven mathematically, then constructed.

Join us so you don’t miss out on much more intriguing content. I am particularly concerned about Telegram — somehow 37 guests showed up, but as I understand it, they won’t keep coming by themselves, and with such a small audience, I fear I won’t have enough motivation to write regularly. Let’s at least push it to 50, then the motivation will be somewhat better. “Engineering Zen”, @engineersdzen

Exploring Ambivalence: A Review of Andy Weir’s “Project Hail Mary” | June 19 2026, 14:11

I finished reading Project Hail Mary by Andy Weir. My feelings are mixed.

On one hand, Weir is an absolute genius of hard science fiction. It’s evident that the universe is developed down to the smallest details. The author doesn’t just make up facts; the laws of physics, chemistry, biology, space navigation — everything is based on real modern scientific concepts. The problems the main character solves are logical, and following the plot development is insanely interesting. Pure delight for the inner geek.

But on the other hand… throughout the novel, I couldn’t shake the feeling that I was reading young adult or even children’s literature.

For instance… Ryland Grace, the main character, behaves not like a leading scientist stranded alone in deep space on a mission to save humanity, but like a hyperactive school teacher (which he actually was). His inner monologue is filled with childlike wonder, and instead of normal adult swearing in stressful situations, he uses amusing euphemisms. And generally, the idea that a single scientist should be able to quickly retrofit a spacecraft on the fly with a “sticks and stones” approach just to make it work is – well.. that’s something.

Too tame and kind space. All conflicts on Earth before the launch are resolved suspiciously easily thanks to the “absolute power” of project leader Eva Stratt. Her actions often look caricatured, not realistic. And when the alien Rocky appears… Their friendship develops by the canons of a classic Disney fairy tale. They instantly find a common language, they have perfect mutual understanding, zero cultural barriers, or dangerous misunderstandings. Everything is very cute, conflict-free, and “on friendship.” Adding some conflict for sharpness would have been nice. Everything always goes smoothly for the main character.

Writing style. Short, chopped sentences, very simple language, chewing over every thought, constant exclamations. The text seems specifically adapted so that a twelve-year-old could easily read it. The plot moves in circles: a problem arises => Grace in panic => Grace calculates something on paper / Rocky helps with an alloy => problem solved. And so every 30 pages. Because of this, towards the end, the sense of real danger is lost: the reader knows in advance that the author has another scientific trump card up his sleeve.

As a result, it turned out to be a cool, very scientifically accurate… comic book. A kind, optimistic fairy tale, wrapped in relatively impeccable physics and mathematics. There’s definitely a lot to praise the book for, but if you’re expecting a deep psychological drama or existential horror from fiction — this is clearly not for you.

Who read it, what did you think? Did you also catch this feeling of a “kindergarten” on a spaceship, or am I being picky?

Engineering Zen: A Daily Dose of Science and Creativity | June 19 2026, 03:28

Due to numerous requests, I have created a Facebook group and a Telegram channel “Engineering Zen”, where I can write about all kinds of interesting things related to science and engineering every day, and guests can write too. I’ll find it interesting if we gather at least 50 people. Shall we gather? I have a ton of interesting content, enough for a year for sure.

https://www.facebook.com/groups/4344370099148010

I will also write on Telegram if we gather at least 50 members there. The channel is called @engineersdzen.

I will be happy for the shares and likes. If we don’t gather enough people, I will drop this activity with groups and channels, which I’ve been planning to do for ten years anyway 🙂

Maximizing Health Benefits with Short Bursts of Intense Activity | June 19 2026, 01:22

Nature: To radically extend life and protect the heart, there is no need to spend hours training in the gym or laying out a mat at home. Transitioning from complete inactivity to short bursts of intense household activity (1-2 minutes, 3-4 times a day) yields the maximum health benefits, reducing the risk of premature death from all causes by about 40%.

That is, with regular sports activities, the maximum effect is in the first minutes of exertion, then it significantly weakens (but still grows).

Unlike most previous studies, which relied on inaccurate questionnaires (where people forgot to report household activity), this research used accelerometers. Sensors accurately recorded each sharp movement of the participants.

Scientists observed 25,241 volunteers (average age — 62 years), who fundamentally did not engage in fitness in their free time, for 7 years.

Even if a person intensely exerts themselves just once a day for 1–2 minutes, their risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases decreases by 33%. Three sessions a day (totaling about 3–4 minutes) reduce the risk of death from cancer by 40%, and from cardiovascular diseases by 50%. 4.5 minutes — 26-30% and 32-34% respectively. 11 sessions a day — 65% and 49%.

The main criterion for high intensity is that you cannot talk normally, let alone sing during the activity. Examples: Quick ascent on the stairs or running up the escalator, sprinting after a departing bus, brisk walking around the office or corridor during a break, a short (3 minutes) bike ride instead of a 15-minute leisurely walk, carrying heavy shopping bags or children for a distance of 50–100 meters (effect proven in other related studies, but caution is needed not to strain the lower back).

Possible reasons include: Short-term, but relatively intense physical load slightly shakes the immune system, forcing it to work better and more efficiently in finding precancerous cells, changes the balance of hormones, reduces insulin resistance, which suppresses chronic inflammation — one of the main predictors of cancer.

Source: Stamatakis, E., Ahmadi, M.N., Gill, J.M.R. et al. Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality. Nat Med 28, 2521–2529 (2022).

AI Revolutionizing Decision-Making in Sports and Business | June 14 2026, 02:06

Today, I pondered how AI is changing age-old, even centuries-old concepts about how people should make decisions in various situations, especially in sports and probably in business. It’s far more interesting than just automation. It’s more about fixing bugs in how people have long considered something to be correct and true.

For example, in the game of “Go,” it was believed for decades that invading the corner (3-3 point) was crude and premature. AI then proved otherwise: early capture of the corner is efficient, and chasing after “beautiful” shapes loses to pragmatic control over the center. Or consider the famous 37th move by AlphaGo in the match against Lee Sedol, which was very strange: people did not play that move because they thought it was “playing into empty space.” It was first taken for an AI mistake, but then recognized as brilliant (there are plenty of analyses on YT). In esports, OpenAI Five demonstrated that aggressive early buyback of fallen heroes in “Dota,” which people considered a waste of gold, works.

Pure mathematics almost erased the mid-range shot from the NBA: it has an accuracy of about 40-42% and yields ~0.8 points per attempt, while a three-point shot with even 35% accuracy brings 1.05 points per attempt, and clubs have restructured for pure profit. Well, this is not AI, but mathematics and statistics. The under-basket shot (lay-up/dunk) turned out to be statistically the most effective.

In soccer, there’s the xG – expected goals metric; AI debunked shots from 35 meters and from outside the penalty area as ineffective (chance of scoring ~5% and 20% respectively) and ultimately teams patiently bring the ball into the penalty area, where the xG of the shot increases to 15-40%. It turns out, DeepMind had a project with Liverpool, a system advising coaches on corners – TacticAI. Expert assessors in 90% of cases preferred TacticAI’s recommendations over the tactical setups used in practice.

So, interestingly, if this continues, will a team or athlete using more powerful AI have an advantage due to more successful methods than a team that does not have such knowledge? Will AI game methods be so complex that they can’t be “stolen” to another team through outside observation – just like in the case with Go?

Global Epidemic of Myopia: A Comparative Analysis | June 10 2026, 13:38

Did you know that according to statistics up to 90% of Chinese urban adolescents are nearsighted by the time they finish school—while the global average was about 23% in 2000 and rose to approximately 34% by 2020? In other regions, only 1.2% of Nepalese village residents, 4% of South African children, and 12% of American teenagers are nearsighted. Imagine this, according to data from the article, in Seoul 96.5% of 19-year-old boys are nearsighted (though, this figure only covers conscripts from the capital; across all of Korea, the number among 19-year-olds is more modest—about 55–60%). But even so—almost everyone. The best explanation available is the “light and dopamine” hypothesis, which posits that light stimulates the release of dopamine in the retina, inhibiting excessive elongation of the eyeball. Retinal dopamine is produced according to the diurnal cycle, signaling the eye to switch from night vision, based on rod cells, to daytime vision, based on cone cells. Let there be light! The image shows a test for nearsightedness.

Understanding the Surprising Subterranean Lives of Bees | June 09 2026, 01:12

I learned today that 70% of all bee species live underground. Another ~25% live in wood, and only ~5% live in hives, build combs, or live in colonies. Male bees are homeless; they’re only allowed home for sex. Outside, it’s cold, hungry, and dangerous. To protect themselves from predators, males of some species gather in “sleeping camps”. They hang onto grass blades with their jaws, stretch out their legs, and fall asleep in clusters of several dozens. They defend themselves from predators through the “dilution effect” – the more bees in a pile, the less likely you are to be eaten. The idea is simple: a predator can eat only a limited number of victims in one go. If you’re sitting on the stem alone and a predator comes – you’re eaten, the chance of dying is ~100%. But if there are fifty of you on the stem, the predator will still take one or two bees, but your chance of becoming the victim drops to a couple of percent. Red currant likely protects itself in a similar manner.

You might ask, who are the predators that eat bees? Mainly in those regions, it is the bug Apiomerus flaviventris. The bug pierces the sleeping male with its proboscis and sucks out the contents. Don’t ask where it pierces

Understanding Your Dishwasher: Hot Water Connections and Built-In Heat Exchangers | June 08 2026, 12:43

I know how a dishwasher works. I’ve fixed it a couple of times => read the technical details. In the USA, it’s connected to the hot water supply on entry. Dishwashers have a weak heating element; it increases the temperature by only ~3°C/min, so heating up a full tray from scratch takes a while. It’s a good practice to run the hot water tap to warm up before starting the dishwasher. In countries with 220V, dishwashers often heat the water themselves. Bosch has an interesting solution: a heat exchanger in the wall. While the water heats up and is sprayed by the spray arms, a new batch of water pours into the heat exchanger. Then, the temperature of the new water batch slowly rises – while the ambient temperature in the chamber gradually drops, to avoid thermal shock for glasses when switching from dirty to clean water. And additionally, the heat exchanger provides a cold surface for drying – water from steam condenses there.

And everything stops not just on a timer (or rather, not only), but also by a turbidity sensor — an aquasensor. An infrared LED and a phototransistor inside the tray. It shines a beam through the water: strong signal received — water is clear, dishes are clean, time to wrap up; weak signal — too much dirt, need to keep running. That is, the machine itself decides whether to add a rinse. It also estimates the volume and dirtiness of the load — partly by the same turbidity, partly by how much the water cools when it’s sprayed onto the cold dishes (thermal mass) => the same Auto program can last either 1.5 hours or 3.

And here’s the most counterintuitive part. You should not rinse dishes before loading them. It’s not just soap, but a cocktail of surfactants (reduce surface tension), emulsifiers (make fats mix with water), dispersants (keep washed off dirt suspended so it doesn’t settle back), and enzymes (protease, amylase). Enzymes need food to latch onto. The main dirt on dishes is not fat (handled by surfactants and emulsifiers), but dried/burnt proteins and starches – large polymer molecules, insoluble in water and just mechanically adhering to the plate. You can’t knock them off with a jet, and there’s no one to rub them off. Enzymes — biological catalysts, cut these long molecules into small soluble pieces (protein into peptides and amino acids, starch into sugars), and these bits then easily wash away with water. Protease works on proteins, amylase on starch, sometimes lipase is added for fats. If you rinse everything off in advance – they just have nothing to do, washing off idly. If the aquasensor sees clean water at the start, it decides there’s not much to do, shortens the cycle, reduces intensity. Rinsing — you make the machine wash worse (but faster). Just scrape off solid chunks and load as is.

Insight about capsules. With each drain, water also carries away the dissolved detergent, so the machine injects the main dose only in the main wash — after it has drained the dirty preliminary water. But the pre-wash compartment is open, with holes, and the detergent leaks out right away. The capsule only opens in the main cycle, so for the first 10 minutes the machine runs clean water idly and no one is dealing with the fat then. That’s why powder is better than capsules: you can charge both compartments, and the pre-wash immediately tackles the fat.