Tag: Nature

Pearls and Mother-of-Pearl: Nature’s Fascinating Defense Mechanism | July 14 2025, 20:58

I realized that I don’t know much about pearls and started reading up on them today. It turns out that pearls are formed as a natural defense by oysters to irritation: when a micro-particle (a grain of sand, a piece of shell, or a microorganism) gets into the shell, the oyster begins to cover it with layers of nacre. Nacre (nacre) — the inner layer of shells, thin layers of calcium and protein. Interestingly, nacre and pearls are essentially the same in composition. The word “nacre” comes from German and means “mother of pearl” (Perlmutter). A single layer of nacre can form several times a day to several weeks, and it takes up to 2 years for a full pearl to form.

Wild pearls are extremely rare (one in 10000), as not all mollusks are capable of producing them — only some species can. There is also black pearl, found only in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, and the colors of natural pearls vary from white and grey to green, blue, and red.

Most of the pearls on the market are cultured: humans manage to “trick” the oyster by placing a bead or a piece of fabric inside the shell so it starts the process of covering it with nacre. In other words, to put it simply, almost all the pearls in the market have a plastic bead inside, and nacre is just a thin “skin” around it. Cultivation of pearls occurs on special farms, where oysters are provided ideal conditions for growth and are regularly cared for. The mortality rate of mollusks after transplant is between 10-40%.

Pearls can burn: this is an organic material (97% calcium and 3% water and proteins), and it does not withstand high temperatures, it also dissolves in vinegar.

It turns out, edible oysters also produce pearls, but they are not as shiny.

The Art of Lawn Striping: Creating Light and Dark Patterns with Grass | July 14 2025, 14:42

We constantly drive past fields organized into stripes or checks. I finally found the time to look into how this is done. It’s called lawn striping, and the effect is achieved by bending the blades of grass in different directions.

The direction in which the grass bends determines whether a stripe will be light or dark. When the blades lean away from you, the lawn looks lighter because the light reflects off the broad and long surface of the blade. When the blades lean towards you, the lawn appears darker because you are looking at the tips of the blades (smaller reflective surface) and you see shadows under the grass. Therefore, mowing the lawn in opposite directions (up/down, left/right, north/south, east/west, etc.) creates the greatest contrast between the stripes. Interestingly, since the “color” of the stripe depends on the direction from which you look at it, a light stripe will appear dark if viewed from the opposite side.

This fuss over grass is a very American phenomenon. I overcome my laziness to mow the lawn only when the grass has indecently overgrown (the notion of “indecently overgrown” is also something I adjust each year after receiving tsk-tsk letters from the village administration). My neighbor, however, seems to do it every few days, and I once saw him kneeling in the grass—complaining that someone had dragged something across his lot, dropping some chips in the grass and ruining its perfection. Really, the only thing missing was a pair of scissors in his hands.

Exploring Farm Freshness: A Visit to an Innovative 24/7 Honor System Store | July 13 2025, 20:39

We stopped by a small farm store on the way. Open 24/7. You grab what you need, money into an envelope, envelope into the slot. Or digitally via QR codes. Bought some soft goat cheese, goat’s milk ice cream, and cucumbers (grown next to the goats). Farm products here are about twice as expensive as store-bought, but they are limited edition, and sometimes unique in the area.

Exploring the Bubble Method of River Level Measurement at the Potomac | July 06 2025, 19:38

How would you measure the water level in a river? A float? A pressure sensor? Something else? Yesterday, I discovered how it’s done here on the Potomac, and it turned out to be not at all what I had imagined. The USGS engineers are great—they educate passersby by posting a diagram of the operation.

A tube is lowered into the river through which air is supplied in bubbles (through a bubble orifice). A special pressure sensor (Pressure Transducer) measures the air pressure in the tube that is necessary to release the bubbles from it. The higher the water level in the river, the more pressure is required to push the air into the water—because the air pressure in the tube is directly related to the depth of the water (according to Pascal’s law). The bubble method works well even if there is floating debris or ice in the river, which may interfere with other sensors (such as ultrasonic ones). Since the sensor does not contact the water, it always remains dry and clean. Additionally, to prevent data distortion, the system includes an air dryer (Air Dryer), which removes moisture from the air and prevents condensation.

The accuracy of such systems is 1-2 cm in water level for rivers with shallow depths.

Interestingly, the readings are transmitted not through the mobile network, but via satellite.

Exploring the Luminescent Life of Fireflies | July 05 2025, 05:02

While walking with Yuka, suddenly the owner falls on his knees and digs around in the grass for a while. That’s when I found a firefly and wanted to capture it lighting up. The firefly Photinus pyralis is quite common here, but I never got around to studying it closely.

Interestingly, the females of another genus of fireflies, Photuris, use the flashes of Photinus males to locate and eat them. It has been discovered that the females acquire special steroids called lucibufagins from their prey, which repel spiders.

(While figuring this out, I learned something new. Luciferase, an enzyme responsible for the glow, is extracted from these fireflies. It’s named after the word Lucifer, Latin for “light-bearer.” Interestingly, Greece also had its Lucifer, “light-bearer,” known as the god Phosphorus. Incidentally, the element Phosphorus was discovered by alchemist Hennig Brand through the evaporation of urine. He named the discovered element phosphorus mirabilis, from Latin meaning “miraculous light-bearer.” This just shows how many things in the world are connected.)

How Frequent Tick Bites May Reduce Lyme Disease Risk | July 01 2025, 04:38

#science Today I found another tick on me; it didn’t have time to latch on, but did manage to bite. And like before, I suffer from these tick bites being very itchy and taking a long time to heal. A couple of times because of similar symptoms I ended up in Emergency, where I was diagnosed with Lyme based on symptoms and put on doxycycline, but later tests did not confirm Lyme, though I already took the doxycycline. And if there was anything, it’s long dead. Question is, why do ticks love me so much.

I just found an interesting scientific article about this. “Hypersensitivity to Ticks

and Lyme Disease Risk” (link in comments)

The authors say that many people living in areas with a high prevalence of tick-borne diseases such as Lyme develop a more acute reaction to tick bites—redness and severe itching, a dermatological-hypersensitivity reaction—that’s exactly my case. They analyzed 1,500 cases and concluded that the more frequent a person’s itching after a bite (more than 3 times a year), the lower their chance of contracting Lyme disease—the risk was reduced by about 7 times (odds ratio ~ 0.14, p=0.01).

They write that this is linked to the fact that the itching helps to notice the tick sooner, consequently – remove it faster and prevent the infectious agent from entering the body (borrelia is not transmitted immediately, but after 1–2 days). There may also be immune mechanisms that interfere with the tick’s feeding and transmission of borrelia.

Conclusion: Recurring reactions to tick bites (itching + redness) create a kind of “anti-tick” immunity. This reduces the risk of contracting Lyme disease, and likely, could be the basis for developing a vaccine against tick pathogens. Quite intriguing, because such medications exist for dogs (full protection against ticks), but haven’t been invented for humans yet.

Galactic Etymology: Tracing the Milky Origins in the Night Sky | June 29 2025, 12:57

I am looking at photos and reading material about the Milky Way and noticed that the word galaxy (any) essentially means “milky” from Greek. Κύκλος Γαλαξίας. Essentially, lac from lactose, and gala from galaxy essentially come from the same Proto-Indo-European ģlákts. Unexpected.

Exploring Xplor Park: An Engineer’s Marvel in Riviera Maya | June 29 2025, 05:41

I returned from Mexico — visited Xplor Park by Xcaret in Riviera Maya. The park is already 18 years old, but damn, it’s an engineering feat, not just a park. As an engineer, I was walking around with my mouth open.

The park is the size of Moscow’s “Neskuchny Garden”. A significant part consists of kilometers of natural karst caves, formed millions of years ago at the site of the Chicxulub impact crater (the very one that ended the era of dinosaurs). Above the caves are dense jungles. High above the jungles — kilometers of zip lines. The water in the caves is from a natural underground stream, which is filtered through limestone plus some technical structures. Bats fly around, but obviously, they are not wild and are working for food. No wildlife (other than tourists and bats) is present, so it’s pretty well isolated from the outside world. In these kilometer-long caves, completely covered with stalactites and stalagmites, we swam, rafted, and even drove through in amphibious vehicles with gasoline engines (meaning, the ventilation is well-thought-out).

In front of us, three Mexican women failed to control their vehicle and crashed into a tree. Literally — the front wheels of the buggy were above my head. We picked them up walking along the track, sat them back, and about 5-10 minutes down the road, park workers took them away. The girls have something to remember.

The ticket includes a very, very good buffet restaurant. But pictures are essentially a must-buy — a very thoughtful system designed to extract about 100 dollars from a visiting family. Helmets are embedded with a chip, the system classifies the pics on the fly, and at the exit, you can see all your photos and buy them right there. And on the way back to the hotel, you can post on Facebook or Instagram.

Well, we’re back home now, back to work from Monday.

Exploring Maya Ruins and Termite Tunnels in Playa del Carmen | June 27 2025, 18:59

Here in Playa del Carmen, there are about a dozen abandoned Maya-era buildings that you can climb over and into, of course free of charge and at any time. Inside one of them, in a small room, I found interesting termite mud tunnels, which I had never seen in person before.