Tag: science

Exploring Unusual Time Signatures: From Prokofiev to Pink Floyd | July 28 2025, 05:32

A small concert at a Catholic university. Prokofiev’s 7th sonata features a tricky musical meter — 7/8. It’s interesting, but it seems I’ve never heard or known anything else in this meter. Early 20th-century composers were quite the innovators. Oh, I remember now. The closest to 7/8 was in Pink Floyd’s “Money” with their 7/4.

Faces of Language: Understanding the Human and Animal “Face” Across Cultures | July 25 2025, 16:35

I read about a fly on my windowsill, it’s a predatory critter, and its face is described on Wikipedia. Just like that, face. It got me thinking, is the word “face” applicable to animals other than humans (let’s skip the discussion of whether the term animal applies to humans). On the same Wikipedia, but on the face page, the face is only human. Yet, it is written that in professional terminology (veterinary, ornithology, entomology) it is quite appropriate to speak of the “facial part of the head” of an animal. For example, ornithologists at Cornell University use the term “face” specifically in descriptions of owls. Well, fine, we have a face, others have a snout. And birds? A snout in feathers? A beak is something else entirely.

In English too, by the way, things are not so simple. Even a cube has faces. In other European languages, the boundary between a human “face” and an animal one is more or less clearly drawn. Italians use faccia only for humans and muso for animals; faccia for a cat or dog would be inappropriate and even offensive. In French, visage usually means “human face,” and for animals, it’s gueule, museau, tête, etc. In Polish, there’s twarz for people and pysk/morda for beasts; moreover, the word morda in relation to a person is a crude insult (and in Russian too, only adding nationality to it). In Scandinavian languages (“ansigt” in Danish, “ansikte” in Swedish) “face” is also almost always human.

There’s also the word “physiognomy.” Interestingly, it only later came to denote a face. Essentially, this word means “the study of facial features to determine character.” It consists of φύσις (physis) – “nature, essence, character” and γνώμων (gnomon) – “indicator, determining.”

And then I remembered the word “unflattering.” Strange word, right? How can a conversation be unflattering? Turns out, its definition is as follows: “not based on flattery, the desire to please someone; impartial, fair.” So formally, Vitsyn could exclaim, “long live the most unflattering court in the world!” I’m not joking, for example, Saltykov-Shchedrin writes: “At the present time, in all corners of Russia, even the most backward people are beginning to recognize the vital need for a lawful and unflattering court.” “I must confess, I was very nervous, handing my brainchild over to the unflattering judgment of the editorial staff” (D. N. Mamin-Sibiriyak, “Features from the Life of Pepko,” 1894).

Actually, an interesting word. In Russian, its only decent synonyms are snout, mug, phiz, physiognomy, dial, and very memorable indecent ones.

From Washington to Washington: Under the Ice Tunnel at Mount Rainier | July 22 2025, 18:06

Underground passage. Underpass.

From Washington to Washington. Moments

From Washington to Washington. Moments

#mountrainier

Seattle Airport Chaos: IT Glitches and Alaska Airlines Grounded | July 21 2025, 07:07

Seattle Airport is at a standstill – some nonsense with IT systems, Alaska Airlines planes are not taking off (grounded).

UPDATE: remember the door that fell off Boeing mid-flight? It was Alaska Airlines and Boeing 737 Max, which I am currently sitting in.

Time Bending Flights: Greeting Seattle a Quintillionth of a Second Younger | July 19 2025, 05:19

It’s funny to stare at a sentence in a book that says when you fly to the other end of the USA, you become younger than everyone else by a quintillionth of a second — at the moment when you’re sitting on the plane flying to the other end of the USA.

Hello, Seattle!

From Forbidden Fruit to Linguistic Roots: The Curious Case of Currants and Smorodina | July 17 2025, 13:09

You know, 99.9% of Americans have never tried blackcurrant. It was legally banned here in 1911 because blackcurrants carried a disease that killed pine trees. And along with it, gooseberries and Kinder Surprise were banned too. It even got to the point where in the USA, purple Skittles are grape-flavored, while in Europe, they taste of blackcurrant.

But today I am thinking about something else. I wondered why in Russian blackcurrant is called ‘smorodina,’ and in English, it’s called ‘currant.’ It turns out that ‘smorodina’ is related to the word ‘smrad,’ which meant a strong smell because, according to our ancestors, it smelled bad. ‘Smrad’ used to mean any strong smell. I don’t know how unpleasant it was for them, but this differentiated it from gooseberries, both of which grew along rivers, hence in Ukrainian and Polish, it’s also called ‘porzeczka’ and ‘porichka,’ especially the red and white varieties. To me, gooseberries even smell stronger.

The English name is also interesting. The English ‘currant’ stems from the Middle English ‘rayson of Corantes’ (‘grapes from Corinth’), where ‘Corantes’ is a distortion of the Greek city Corinth. In the Middle Ages, small dried grapes were actively imported into England from Greece (specifically the region around Corinth) and these dried berries were called ‘raisins of Corinth,’ which later shortened to ‘currant.’ Originally, ‘currant’ referred specifically to raisins, dried grapes (essentially, small raisins). And it still means that in some places.

But then a shift in meaning occurred. Later, when shrubs of the Ribes genus (currant bushes), specifically Ribes rubrum (red currant) and Ribes nigrum (black currant), began to be cultivated in Northern Europe, they were given the same name, since their berries were also small and dark like the Greek raisins. Thus, the word ‘currant’ came to be used to denote both currants and gooseberries 🙂 but later on they were differentiated. Yes, gooseberries and currants turned out to be related both biologically and etymologically.

And do you remember the fairy tale about the good heroes and warriors Dobrynya Nikitich, who fought the three-headed Chudo-Yudo on the Kalinov Bridge spanning the River Smorodina? Well, that river, Smorodina, marked the boundary between the world of the living (Yav) and the world of the dead (Nav).

Why Don’t We Have Self-Sustaining Solar-Powered Drones Yet? | July 16 2025, 01:33

I wonder why we still don’t see autonomous drones that could lead an “eternal” life: landing on roofs, deploying solar panels, charging from the sun, and taking off once a day for whatever their mission might be? When you consider the energy aspects, it seems like a feasible scheme. For instance, a heavy drone weighing about 8 kg could carry foldable solar panels with an area of 1.5 m² and a battery with a capacity of 2 kWh. In one sunny day, such panels could collect about 1.2 kWh of energy — enough for it to fly for 20 minutes at a speed of 40–50 km/h, take photos, and transmit them via the mobile network. And there would still be a reserve of energy for several cloudy days.

Even a light drone weighing 2 kg with small panels (0.5 m²) could rise into the air for 10–15 minutes every day if it managed to find good weather and a sunny roof. The power required for hovering for such devices is about 150–200 W, and solar panels with 20% efficiency at mid-latitudes can produce up to 350–400 Wh per day. The balance comfortably adds up, especially if not chasing speed and if there’s no rush on the roof.

Such a “solar nomad” could live for weeks and months, flying from roof to roof and charging in anticipation of missions. At first glance, the technology of batteries and panels already allows this to be done. Or am I missing something?

Exploring the Slug: An Unusual Imperial Unit of Mass | July 15 2025, 20:52

Have you ever heard of a unit of mass measurement called a slug? In the US, it does exist, even though it’s less common nowadays. American physics and engineering textbooks for students, especially where they want to clearly differentiate between mass (slug) and weight (lbf), tend to use the imperial system with its feet and the like. It simplifies F = ma in the imperial system without introducing extra coefficients.

1 slug is the mass that accelerates by 1 ft/s² under the force of 1 pound-force (lbf). Thus, a slug accelerating at 32.174 ft/s² “weighs” 32.174 pounds-force (lbf). 32.174 ft/s² is our 9.8 m/s², just in feet.

A “slug” is, on one hand, a slug (a slow-moving mollusk without a shell), and on the other hand, a heavy piece of metal or a bullet (like a shotgun slug – a large-caliber cartridge). In the context of the unit of mass, it’s not about mollusks, but rather about a “heavy lump.” But it’s still funny when they write “mass equals 5 slugs.”

12 slugs equal 1 blob (image of blob attached). Blob is a version of slug, but based on inches instead of feet. It has fun slang names – slinch, slugette, snail.

I also read about the British Thermal Unit — the amount of heat needed to heat 1 pound of water by 1°F. Converting BTUs to calories or joules results in a quite awkward number.